朱砂藥材規格及炮製研究

楊玲玲 
臺北醫學院
朱砂為天然硫化汞礦石，主含硫化汞(HgS)，尚含游離汞、可溶性汞鹽、微量硒和鋅等。純的朱砂含汞86.2%，硫13.8%。朱砂具有清心鎮驚，安神解毒的作用。用於心悸易驚，失眠多夢，癲癇發狂，小兒驚風，視物昏花，口瘡，喉痹，瘡瘍腫毒等症。

歷代對朱砂的炮製方法有單研、水飛、煉、煮等。國內之臨床中藥界以單研和水飛最為常用。而大量時則以磁球磨罐研磨最普遍。現代對朱砂的炮製方法，主要有吸盡鐵屑後研細或水飛法。目前國內屢次發現之朱砂或其佐以朱砂製劑之中毒案件均以血中鉛濃度超過安全所致。調查市面上常用之朱砂炮製法有(1)水飛法(2)濕法研磨(3)粉碎機粉碎(4)粉碎水漂三次(4)粉碎沸水漂(5)磁球磨罐研磨(6) 鐵球磨罐研磨(7)銅球磨罐研磨(9)水刀處理研磨法等，而其製出之產品一般色澤亦有差異。

游離汞和可溶性汞鹽是朱砂中對人體有害之物質，本研究對朱砂的現代炮製採用(1)傳統水飛(2)濕法磁球磨罐研磨方法之甘草水處理及上述綠豆水處理等方式，以對人體有害的游離汞及可溶性汞鹽為指標，將上述各法所得的朱砂粉經硝化法製備成酸抽提液，以原子吸收分光光度計(Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, A.A. )測定汞及As﹑Cu﹑Cd﹑Fe﹑Pb﹑Hg等重金屬含量，以作初步安全性評估。

本研究除可闡明目前國內中藥一直"置疑"的朱砂問題外，同時亦可再度檢討"朱砂"之存廢，然而此項政策決定有待審慎的評估和科技之佐證。並期建立朱砂藥材規格及"安全朱砂炮製法"，以提供國內製藥業及中藥從業人員之正確炮製及選材方法之依據。同時亦可進一步用正確方法大量炮製提供進行藥理、毒理研究。以確實朱砂之正確使用方法及劑量。

關鍵字：朱砂、藥材規格、炮製法、汞含量測定、重金屬

The standard of Cinnabaris and its processing methods

Ling Ling Yang
Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy Sciences Taipei Medical College
Cinnabar is the drug consists of a mineral composed of red mercuric sulfide. It is used (1) as sedative and tranquilizer for the treatment of palpitation, insomnia, infantile convulsion due to high fever, epilepsy; (2) as a detoxicant for the treatment of boils, furuncles and carbuncles. Recently, many heavy metal poison cases of Chinese medicinal product accidents were reported by the Clinical doctors. Therefore, how to selected the standardization of the raw material and processing procedure are important works to the pharmaceutical industry on the quality and safety control.

In this study two kinds of common processing method of refined powder of Cinnabar will apply to prepare the 4 kinds of raw material which will collect from the Chinese herbal medicinal market. Each material will follow a procedure to make refined powder separated from course and fine powder of medicinal materials based on their different suspension in water. Each end product will be quantitative analysis
關鍵字：cinnabar; processing method; heavy metal